CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE 

A controlled voltage source is an active circuit element that provides an output voltage that is proportional to a controlling input signal. The voltage source maintains a specified voltage across its terminals, independent of the current drawn, within its operational limits.

Key Features of a Controlled Voltage Source:

1. Input Control:
   • The output voltage is governed by an input signal, which can be:
     • A voltage (Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source, VCVS).
     • A current (Current-Controlled Voltage Source, CCVS).
2. Output Voltage:
   • Delivers a voltage that varies or remains constant depending on the control input.
3. Symbol:
   • Represented in circuit diagrams with a diamond shape enclosing a “+” and “-” sign, indicating controlled voltage.

Types of Controlled Voltage Sources:

1. Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS):
   • The output voltage is proportional to an input voltage signal.
   Vout=k⋅VinV_{\text{out}} = k \cdot V_{\text{in}}Vout​=k⋅Vin​Where kkk is the gain or proportionality constant.
2. Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS):
   • The output voltage is proportional to an input current signal.
   Vout=k⋅IinV_{\text{out}} = k \cdot I_{\text{in}}Vout​=k⋅Iin​

Applications:

• Signal amplification in analog circuits.
• Simulation of voltage sources in circuit analysis and modeling.
• Feedback control systems in electronics.
• Power supplies with adjustable voltage output.

Controlled voltage sources are critical in electronic circuit design, enabling precise control of voltage in response to external signals.